About the Author

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Gary Gereffi is Emeritus Professor of Sociology and Director of the Global Value Chains Center at Duke University. He received his B.A. degree from the University of Notre Dame and his Ph.D. degree from Yale University. Gereffi has published over a dozen books and numerous articles on globalization, industrial upgrading, and social and economic development, and he is one of the originators of the global value chains framework. Recent books include: Handbook on Global Value Chains (Stefano Ponte, Gary Gereffi, and Gale Raj-Reichert, co-editors) (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019); Global Value Chains and Development: Redefining the Contours of 21st Century Capitalism (Cambridge University Press, 2018); and Global Value Chains in a Postcrisis World: A Development Perspective (Olivier Cattaneo, Gary Gereffi, and Cornelia Staritz, co-editors) (The World Bank, 2010). Penny Bamber is a global value chain specialist, with more than a decadeof experience working at the Duke Global Value Chains Center. She has contributed significantly to the development of the global value chain framework, particularly with respect to the intersection between international business and country-level development policy. She has published extensively, contributing to numerous books, reports and journal articles on economic growth and development, technology and skills for the future and the role of gender amongst others. Penny has consulted and provided policy analysis widely for national and international organizations, including the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation, UNCTAD, ILO, the African Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank. Karina Fernandez-Stark is an international consultant and a Duke Global Value Chains Center Affiliate, who has led numerous research projects related to economic development and competitiveness around the world. She has consulted for the African Development Bank, ECLAC, Inter-American Development Bank, OECD, UNCTAD and the World Bank, amongst others. Together with Gary Gereffi, Karina authored the highly cited book Global Value Chain Analysis: A Primer. She has published several research reports and articles on industrial upgrading and social and economic development. Her research continuously brings a policy focus advising country governments in different continents. Karina has conducted Global Value Chains workshops in Africa, Asia and the Americas.